• Sarcoma This type of cancer develops in the soft tissue of the kidney called the capsule or fat.
• Wilms tumour is most common in children and makes up about 1% of kidney cancers.
• Lymphoma. Lymphoma may be associated with enlarged lymph nodes, called lymphadenopathy, in other parts of the body, including the neck, chest or abdominal cavity.

Surgery for Renal Tumour

Usually, surgery is a recommended choice of treatment for renal tumours. The types of surgeries carried out include:

Radical Nephrectomy

• In this type of surgery, the surgeon will remove your whole kidney, the attached adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and the fatty tissue around the kidney. Most people have a good quality of life with only one working kidney.
• Sometimes, the surgeon may be able to leave the adrenal gland when the cancer is in the lower part of the kidney and is not close from the adrenal gland.
• If the surrounding tissues tissue and surrounding lymph nodes are infiltrated, a lymph node dissection is also performed.
• A radical nephrectomy is usually recommended to remove a large tumour

In experienced hands, the technique is as effective as an open radical nephrectomy and usually results in a shorter hospital stay, a faster recovery, and less pain after surgery. This approach may not be an option for tumours larger than about 7 cm (3 inches) across or tumours that have grown into the renal vein or spread to lymph nodes around the kidney.

Partial Nephrectomy (Nephron-Sparing Surgery)

• In a partial nephrectomy, the surgeon removes only that part of the kidney that contains the tumour, leaving the rest intact
• Partial nephrectomy is a preferred treatment for those with early-stage kidney cancer.
• It is performed to remove small tumours (less than 4 cm or 1½ inches wide), and can also be done to remove larger tumours (up to 7 cm or 3 inches wide).
• Long-term results show that the prognosis is about the same as a radical nephrectomy
• The benefit for the patient is that more kidney function is retained

Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

• In this type of surgery, special instruments are inserted through the incisions, to remove the kidney.
• One of the instruments, the laparoscope, is a long tube with a small video camera on the end.
• The surgeon also uses telescoping equipment into the small keyhole incisions to completely remove the kidney or perform a partial nephrectomy.
• Sometimes, the surgeon may resort to robotic instruments to perform the surgery. This surgery may take longer but is less painful and has a faster recovery
• Robotic-assisted laparoscopic approach uses a robotic system to do the laparoscopic surgery remotely.
• The surgeon is next to a panel and controls robotic arms to operate.
• This allows the surgeon to move the instruments more easily and with more precision than during standard laparoscopic surgery

Regional Lymphadenectomy (Lymph Node Dissection)

• This procedure removes the lymph nodes in proximity to determine if they have been infiltrated
• Sometimes, this is done when doing a radical nephrectomy. The lymph nodes may be removed if the tumour has features that cause it to spread rapidly
• If the lymph nodes feel abnormal during the operation or on imaging, then they are removed
• Sometimes, the surgeon removes the lymph nodes to test them for cancer spread and stage the cancer

Cytoreductive Nephrectomy

• A cytoreductive nephrectomy is the surgical removal of the primary renal tumour along with the whole kidney
• It is performed in patients where the disease has spread beyond the kidney.
•  This may be recommended by the surgeon after the diagnosis or after other systemic treatments have been initiated

Metastasectomy

• Metastasectomy is the surgical removal of a single area of disease, such as the lung, pancreas, liver etc.
• This surgery is recommended for people who will be relieved of symptoms from having a single site of renal tumour removed.
• In about 1 in 3 people with kidney cancer, cancer will already have metastasised to other parts of the body when it is diagnosed